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Judicial restraint – Practice of summoning officers , deprecated

Multiple dying declarations

CrPC S. 439 – Bail applications – Victim – It shall be obligatory upon the High Court to provide them a legal aid counsel with adequate experience in criminal law

Criminal trial – Dying declaration – Fail to understand as to how the same dying declaration could have been made basis for conviction of the appellant when the same was disbelieved insofar as another accused is concerned. [2023 SCeJ 387]

[SC] CrPC S. 167(2) – Whether accused is entitled to seek default bail under provisions of section 167(2) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 on ground that a chargesheet filed without sanction is an incomplete chargesheet which could be termed as not in consonance with sub section (5) of section 173 of the CrPC, 1973?

Municipal Corporation Act, 1976, Section 114-A – Khata – Cancellation of – By commissioner – Communication quashed due to a breach of natural justice. [2021 PLRonline 5205 (Kar.)]

CPA , 1986 – Definition of ‘consumer’ includes ‘consumers’ – Joint complaint by multiple consumers need not be filed in representative capacity – Will include multiple consumers . [2023 SCeJ 345 , 2023 PLRonline 0115 (SC), (2023-3)211 PLR 458 (SC) (SN)]

[SC] Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, Sections 166 and 163A – Death of a housewife in Motor accidents – Assessment of compensation. [PLRonline 311301]

Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 – Partition Suit  – Even if the petitioners are said to have signed the compromise petition but still the award of the Permanent Lok Adalat has to be quashed in view of the fact that Permanent Lok Adalat can only resolve dispute in relation to public utility services. [PLRonline 459674]

Will – Proof – Photocopy – That being so, the question of comparison of signatures on the said photocopy of the Will with that of the register of the Deed Writer would not arise. [PLRonline 479650]

The LAWS OF MANU – Manusmriti

CPC O. 39 R. 1 and 2  –  Status quo – Vacated  – Bonafide purchaser – Ancestral property – Appellants bona fide purchasers of ancestral property without notice – Late claim and substantial developments, the balance favored Defendants – Plaintiff’s name not in revenue records – Status quo vacated. [PLRonline 452654]

Local Commissioner – Application for appointment – Dismissed – No revision would be maintainable. [PLRonline 481650]

Hindu Law – Family Settlement – Limitation – In the absence of any evidence proving a family settlement, the transfer of the suit property under the said alleged family settlement and the consequent mutation entries – Cannot be sustained . [PLRonline 471650]

Electricity Act, S. 2(5) – Constitution of India, Art. 226  –  Alternative remedy – Available under Ombudsman Regulations, Objection of alternative efficacious remedy is well founded –  However, matter has remained pending in Writ since 2019 till 2022 for final adjudication, it may not be an act of balancing equity at this stage to direct the petitioner to re-agitate his entire grievance before the Consumer Grievances Redressal Forum at this stage. [PLRonline 459650]

Limitation Act Art. 59 – Limitation to set aside an instrument or decree or for cancellation of the same is 03 years counted from the date of knowledge –  Plaint, reveals that it is totally silent as to when the plaintiff-appellant came to know of the said alleged fraud – Dismissed. [PLRonline 476650]

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'Fraud' and 'justice' - Even a court of subordinate jurisdiction is permitted to enter into the question as to whether the judgment of a superior Court was obtained by playing fraud

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Multiple dying declarations

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Smt. Kamla v. State of Punjab (1993) 1 SCC 1, Court held as follows:

 “A dying declaration should satisfy all the necessary tests and one such important test is that if there are more than one dying declaration they should be consistent particularly in material particulars.”

Kishan Lal v. State of Rajasthan (2000) 1 SCC 310, Court held has follows:

“Examining these two dying declarations, we find not only that they gave two conflicting versions but there is inter se discrepancies in the depositions of the witnesses given in support of the other dying declaration dated 6.11.1976. Finally, in the dying declaration before a Magistrate on which possibly more reliance could have been placed the deceased did not name any of the accused. Thus, we have no hesitation to hold that these two dying declarations do not bring home the guilt of the appellant. High Court, therefore, erred in placing reliance on it by erroneously evaluating them.”

 Lella Srinivasa Rao v. State of A.P. (2004) 9 SCC 713, Court had occasion to consider the legality and acceptability of two dying declarations. Noticing the inconsistency between the two dying declarations, the Court held that it is not safe to act solely on the said declarations to convict the accused persons.

 Amol Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2008) 5 SCC 468, Court interfered with the order of sentence noticing inconsistencies between the multiple dying declarations. It is not the plurality of the dying declarations but the reliability thereof that adds weight to the prosecution case. If a dying declaration is found to be voluntary, reliable and made in fit mental condition, it can be relied upon without any corroboration but the statement should be consistent throughout. However, if some inconsistencies are noticed between one dying declaration and the other, the Court has to examine the nature of the inconsistencies, namely, whether they are material or not and while scrutinising the contents of various dying declarations, in such a situation, the court has to examine the same in the light of the various surrounding facts and circumstances.

 State of Andhra Pradesh v. P. Khaja Hussain (2009) 15 SCC 120, Court rejected the appeal filed against the acquittal holding that it was not a case where the variation between the two dying declarations was trivial in nature.

 Sharda v. State of Rajasthan (2010) 2 SCC 85, Court has dealt with three dying declarations. Noticing inconsistencies between dying declarations, this Court set aside the sentence ordered by Sessions Judge as well as High Court and held as follows:

“Though a dying declaration is entitled and is still recognised by law to be given greater weightage but it has also to be kept in mind that the accused had no chance of cross-examination. Such a right of cross- examination is essential for eliciting the truth as an obligation of oath. This is the reason, generally, the court insists tha the dying declaration should be such which inspires full confidence of the court of its correctness. The court has to be on guard that such statement of the deceased was not as a result of either tutoring, prompting or product of imagination. The court must be further satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind after a clear opportunity to observe and identify the assailants. Once the court is satisfied that the aforesaid requirement and also to the fact that declaration was true and voluntary, undoubtedly, it can base its conviction without any further corroboration.”

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