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Multiple dying declarations

“Proclaimed Person” and “Proclaimed Offender” have distinct meanings. [PLRonline 216302]

Pleasure doctrine – Applicability – Nominated members continue only till the pleasure of the government – Municipality .

Motor Vehicles Act,  S. 173 – Pay and Recover  – Insurance Company exonerated – Appeal by claimants for making insurance company liable  – This Section empowers that any person can file Appeal so there is no need to consider who is aggrieved person – Appellants being  Claimants have right to file Appeal  – Though owner of offending truck has not challenged the impugned order, it cannot be said that the Claimants can’t challenge it – Order in appeal changed to Pay and Recover.

HMA – COI Art. 142 – Transfer Petition – Irretrievable breakdown of marriage – Mutual consent divorce granted. [2023 SCeJ 0234]

Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887,   Section 28 – Lambardar – Appointment of – Age – Is a relevant factor . [PLRonline 119102]

Execution – Limitation – Filed after 12 years..  [PLRonline 114800]

Companies Act, S. 250 – Striking off – Even after dissolution of the company in view of striking off its name from the register, its existence remains only for the purpose of realising the amount due to the company or for the payment or discharge of the liabilities or obligations of  the company. [2023 PLRonline 0101 (NCLAT)]

NIA S. 138 – Conviction – courts should, unless there are special circumstances, in all cases of conviction, uniformly exercise the power to levy fine upto twice the cheque amount keeping in view the cheque amount and the simple interest thereon at nine per cent per annum [2014 PLRonline 0208 (SC)]

Criminal Trial –  Circumstantial evidence –  Chain of evidence must be so complete as to not leave any reasonable grounds for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused; the accused ‘must be’ and not merely ‘may be’ guilty, before the Court can convict.  [2023 SCeJ 0226 = 2023 PLRonline 437602 (SC)]

IPC – Grevious hurt – The injuries were not intended to cause death but were sufficient to cause grievous injury. It was not a premeditated act – The scissors used by the appellant were little scissors used by tailors. [2023 PLRonline 0100]

Inference – Adverse inference

CPC S. 24 – Cardinal principle for exercise of power under S. 24 is that the ends of justice should demand the transfer. (2022-4)208 PLR 512 (SC), 2023 SCeJ 0223

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Specific Relief Act S. 22 (2) - CPC O. 6, R. 17 – Amendment of

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Multiple dying declarations

by PLRonline
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“30. A survey of the decisions would show that the principles can be culled out as follows:
a. Conviction of a person can be made solely on the basis of a dying declaration which inspires confidence of the court;
b. If there is nothing suspicious about the declaration, no corroboration may be necessary;
c. No doubt, the court must be satisfied that there is no tutoring or prompting;
d. The court must also analyse and come to the conclusion that imagination of the deceased was not at play in making the declaration. In this regard, the court must look to the entirety of the language of the dying declaration;
e. Considering material before it, both in the form of oral and documentary evidence, the court must be satisfied that the version is compatible with the reality and the truth as can be gleaned from the facts established;
f. However, there may be cases where there are more than one dying declaration. If there are more than one dying declaration, the dying declarations may entirely agree with one another. There may be dying declarations where inconsistencies between the declarations emerge. The extent of the inconsistencies would then have to be considered by the court. The inconsistencies may turn out to be reconciliable.
g. In such cases, where the inconsistencies go to some matter of detail or description but is incriminatory in nature as far as the Accused is concerned, the court would look to the material on record to conclude as to which dying declaration is to be relied on unless it be shown that they are unreliable;
h. The third category of cases is that where there are more than one dying declaration and inconsistencies between the declarations are absolute and the dying declarations are irreconcilable being repugnant to one another. In a dying declaration, the Accused may not be blamed at all and the cause of death may be placed at the doorstep of an unfortunate accident. This may be followed up by another dying declaration which is diametrically opposed to the first dying declaration. In fact, in that scenario, it may not be a question of an inconsistent dying declaration but a dying declaration which is completely opposed to the dying declaration which is given earlier. There may be more than two.”
i. In the third scenario, what is the duty of the court? Should the court, without looking into anything else, conclude that in view of complete inconsistency, the second or the third dying declaration which is relied on by the prosecution is demolished by the earlier dying declaration or dying declarations or is it the duty of the court to carefully attend to not only the dying declarations but examine the rest of the materials in the form of evidence placed before the court and still conclude that the incriminatory dying declaration is capable of being relied upon?”

Jagbir Singh v. State of NCT Delhi, (2019) 8 SCC 779

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Tags: Accident, Corroboration, Dying Declaration, Evidence, Evidence Act S. 32, FIR, Mutiple Dying Declarations
Tags: AccidentCorroborationDying DeclarationEvidenceEvidence Act S. 32FIRMutiple Dying Declarations

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