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Natural justice – no one can complain of not being given an opportunity to make representations if such an opportunity would have availed him nothing.

Judicial restraint and doctrine of separation of powers

CrPC S. 439 – Bail applications – Victim – It shall be obligatory upon the High Court to provide them a legal aid counsel with adequate experience in criminal law

Criminal trial – Dying declaration – Fail to understand as to how the same dying declaration could have been made basis for conviction of the appellant when the same was disbelieved insofar as another accused is concerned. [2023 SCeJ 387]

[SC] CrPC S. 167(2) – Whether accused is entitled to seek default bail under provisions of section 167(2) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 on ground that a chargesheet filed without sanction is an incomplete chargesheet which could be termed as not in consonance with sub section (5) of section 173 of the CrPC, 1973?

Municipal Corporation Act, 1976, Section 114-A – Khata – Cancellation of – By commissioner – Communication quashed due to a breach of natural justice. [2021 PLRonline 5205 (Kar.)]

CPA , 1986 – Definition of ‘consumer’ includes ‘consumers’ – Joint complaint by multiple consumers need not be filed in representative capacity – Will include multiple consumers . [2023 SCeJ 345 , 2023 PLRonline 0115 (SC), (2023-3)211 PLR 458 (SC) (SN)]

[SC] Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, Sections 166 and 163A – Death of a housewife in Motor accidents – Assessment of compensation. [PLRonline 311301]

Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 – Partition Suit  – Even if the petitioners are said to have signed the compromise petition but still the award of the Permanent Lok Adalat has to be quashed in view of the fact that Permanent Lok Adalat can only resolve dispute in relation to public utility services. [PLRonline 459674]

Will – Proof – Photocopy – That being so, the question of comparison of signatures on the said photocopy of the Will with that of the register of the Deed Writer would not arise. [PLRonline 479650]

The LAWS OF MANU – Manusmriti

CPC O. 39 R. 1 and 2  –  Status quo – Vacated  – Bonafide purchaser – Ancestral property – Appellants bona fide purchasers of ancestral property without notice – Late claim and substantial developments, the balance favored Defendants – Plaintiff’s name not in revenue records – Status quo vacated. [PLRonline 452654]

Local Commissioner – Application for appointment – Dismissed – No revision would be maintainable. [PLRonline 481650]

Hindu Law – Family Settlement – Limitation – In the absence of any evidence proving a family settlement, the transfer of the suit property under the said alleged family settlement and the consequent mutation entries – Cannot be sustained . [PLRonline 471650]

Electricity Act, S. 2(5) – Constitution of India, Art. 226  –  Alternative remedy – Available under Ombudsman Regulations, Objection of alternative efficacious remedy is well founded –  However, matter has remained pending in Writ since 2019 till 2022 for final adjudication, it may not be an act of balancing equity at this stage to direct the petitioner to re-agitate his entire grievance before the Consumer Grievances Redressal Forum at this stage. [PLRonline 459650]

Limitation Act Art. 59 – Limitation to set aside an instrument or decree or for cancellation of the same is 03 years counted from the date of knowledge –  Plaint, reveals that it is totally silent as to when the plaintiff-appellant came to know of the said alleged fraud – Dismissed. [PLRonline 476650]

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Doctrine of separation of powers

If there is a law, Judges can certainly enforce it, but Judges cannot create a law and seek to enforce it.

Home Constitution of India

Judicial restraint and doctrine of separation of powers

by PLRonline
in Constitution of India, Practice and Procedure
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Before adverting to the controversy directly involved in these appeals we may have a fresh look on the inter se functioning of the three organs of democracy under our Constitution. Although the doctrine of separation of powers has not been recognized under the Constitution in its absolute rigidity but the constitution makers have meticulously defined the functions of various organs of the State. Legislature, executive and judiciary have to function within their own spheres demarcated under the Constitution. No organ can usurp the functions assigned to another. The Constitution trusts to the judgment of these organs to function and exercise their discretion by strictly following the procedure prescribed therein. The functioning of democracy depends upon the strength and independence of each of its organs. Legislature and executive, the two facets of people's will, they have all the powers including that of finance. Judiciary has no power over sword or the purse nonetheless it has power to ensure that the aforesaid two main organs of State function within the constitutional limits. It is the sentinel of democracy. judicial review is a powerful weapon to restrain unconstitutional exercise of power by the legislature and executive. The expanding horizon of judicial review has taken in its fold the concept of social and economic justice. While exercise of powers by the legislature and executive is subject to judicial restraint, the only check on our own exercise of power is the self imposed discipline of judicial restraint.

18. Frankfurter, J. of the U.S. Supreme Court dissenting in the controversial expatriation case of Trop v. Dulles (1958) 356 US 86 observed as under:

All power is, in Madison's phrase, of an encroaching nature. Judicial powers is not immune against this human weakness. It also must be on guard against encroaching beyond its proper bounds, and not the less so since the only restraint upon it is self restraint….

Rigorous observance of the difference between limits of power and wise exercise of power-between questions of authority and questions of prudence-requires the most alert appreciation of this decisive but subtle relationship of two concepts that too easily coalesce. No less does it require a disciplined will to adhere to the difference. It is not easy to stand aloof and allow want of wisdom to prevail to disregard one's own strongly held view of what is wise in the conduct of affairs. But it is not the business of this Court to pronounce policy. It must observe a fastidious regard for limitations on its own power, and this precludes the Court's giving effect to its own notions of what is wise or politic. That self-restraint is of the essence in the observance of the judicial oath, for the Constitution has not authorized the judges to sit in judgment on the wisdom of what Congress and the Executive Branch do.

19. When a State action is challenged, the function of the court is to examine the action in accordance with law and to determine whether the legislature or the executive has acted within the powers and functions assigned under the constitution and if not, the court must strike down the action. While doing so the court must remain within its self-imposed limits. The court sits in judgment on the action of a coordinate branch of the Government. While exercising power of judicial review of administrative action, the court is not an appellate authority. The constitution does not permit the court to direct or advise the executive in matters of policy or to sermonize qua any matter which under the constitution lies within the sphere of legislature or executive, provided these authorities do not transgress their constitutional limits or statutory powers.

Asif Hameed v. State of Jammu and Kashmir and Others, AIR 1989 SC 1899 : (1989) 2 JT 548 : (1989) 1 SCALE 1547 : (1989) 2 SCC 364 Supp : (1989) 3 SCR 19,

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