Section 69 of the evidence Act, 1872, Section 63(1)(c) of the Succession Act, 1925, and Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act, provide the legal requirements for the attestation and execution of a will. The witnesses must prove the genuineness of the will, including the testator's handwriting, and any suspicious circumstances must be explained. When granting probate, the court must take into consideration the background facts of the will, such as whether the testator had full knowledge and understanding of the contents, and if a plea of undue influence is taken, the burden of proof lies on the objector. In cases where the attesting witness is dead, out of jurisdiction, or kept out of the way by the adverse party, Section 69 of the Evidence Act allows for the execution of the will to be proved by examining witnesses who are able to prove the handwriting of the testator or executants.
2008 PLRonline 0109
Supreme Court Of India
S.B. Sinha J. , V.S. Sirpurkar J.
Babu Singh v. Ram Sahai Alias Ram Singh
Appeal (civil) 3124 of 2008
30.04.2008
Evidence Act S. 69 , Succession Act S. 63(1)(c) , Will, Attestation, TPA S. 3 , CPC O. 16 ,
Evidence Act, 1872, Section 69 – Succession Act, 1925, Section 63(1)(c) – Will is to be attested by two witnesses in terms of Section 63(1)(c) of the Succession Act, 1925 – Indisputably, the requirement of Section 68 of the Evidence Act, 1872 (the Act) is required to be complied with for proving a will – Section 63(1)(c) of the Succession Act mandates attestation by two witnesses – Thus, not only must the execution of will be proved, but actual execution must also be attested by at least two witnesses – Attestation of execution of will must be in conformity with the provisions of Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act – Transfer of Property Act, S. 3. [Para 12]
Evidence Act, 1872, Section 68 – Will – A will ordinarily must be proved keeping in view the provisions of Section 63 of the Succession Act and Section 68 of the Act, in the event the ingredients thereof, as noticed hereinbefore, are brought on record, strict proof of execution and attestation stands relaxed – However, signature and handwriting, as contemplated in Section 69, must be proved. [Para 18]
“Attestation” and “execution” connote two different meanings. Some documents do not require attestation. Some documents are required by law to be attested. [Para 13]
Probate – Will – Court, while granting probate of the will, must take into consideration all relevant factors – It must be found that the will was product of a free will – The testator must have full knowledge and understanding as regards the contents thereof – For the said purpose, the background facts may also be taken note of. [Para 15]
Probate – Will – Undue influence – Where, a plea of undue influence was taken, the onus therefor would be on the objector and not on the offender. [Para 15]
Evidence Act, 1872, Section 69 – Will – Would apply, inter alia, in a case where the attesting witness is either dead or out of the jurisdiction of the court or kept out of the way by the adverse party or cannot be traced despite diligent search – Only in that event, the will may be proved in the manner indicated in Section 69 i.e by examining witnesses who were able to prove the handwriting of the testator or executants – The burden of proof then may be shifted to others. [Para 17]
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S.B Sinha, J.— Leave granted.
2. Interpretation of Section 69 of the Evidence Act, 1872 is in question in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and order dated 11-11-2005 passed by the High Court of punjab and haryana.
3. One Ram Bux executed a will dated 25-9-1981 in favour of the respondent herein bequeathing his right, title and interest in the property in question.
4. The appellants claimed themselves to be the owner and in possession of the suit property which is a shop, as a co-sharer to the extent of 6 marlas out of the land measuring 3 kanals and one marla appertaining to Khasra No. 53 situated in the area of Chhoti Haveli, Tehsil and District Ropar.
5. The learned trial court, inter alia, raised the following issues:
“1. Whether the plaintiff is owner of the suit property? OPP
2. Whether the plaintiffs are entitled to the possession of the shop in question? OPP
6. Whether the defendants are entitled to the counterclaim to the effect that they are owner of the shop in question and co-sharer to the extent of 0-6 marlas of the land fully detailed in the counterclaim? OPD”
We need not go into other issues between the parties.
6. The learned trial Judge, although opined that the suit was bad for non-impleading of Karam Kaur and Dalwinder Kaur, daughters of the testator as parties to the suit, proceeded to consider the validity of the will in order to avoid any possibility of remand by the trial court, stating:
“The plaintiff was duty-bound to examine at least one attesting witness to prove the execution of the will, Ext. P-2. It has come in evidence that Lambardar Mohan Singh expired before he could be examined as a witness. Other attesting witness, House was alive and had been given up by the plaintiff on the plea that he had been won over by the other party. Thus, will, Ext. P-2 has not been proved according to Section 68 of the Evidence Act.”
7. The learned Judge, however, noticed that one of the attesting witness, namely, Harnek Singh @ House, according to the learned counsel for the plaintiff, had gone outside India and another attesting witness, namely, Lambardar Mohan Singh being dead, the will must be held to have been duly proved. It was held:
“Though there is no plausible and cogent evidence on record to show that House had gone to foreign country, but even if for argument sake the plea of the plaintiff is taken to be correct, even in that eventuality the Sub-Registrar has only identified the signatures on the will to be that of Mohan Singh as attesting witness. Though the plaintiff also examined PW 9, Davinder Parshad, handwriting expert who examined the signatures of the executant on the will, Ext. P-2 and the sale deed but he took all these signatures as standard signatures. The sale deeds, however, have not been proved by the plaintiff to contain the signatures of Ram Bux. Expert compared these standard signatures with the questioned signatures on the family settlement. Therefore, there is nothing on record to suggest that handwriting expert took the signatures of will as questioned and compared the same with admitted or proved signatures of Ram Bux. Therefore, the plaintiff miserably failed to show that the will, Ext. P-2 contained the signatures of Ram Bux. Consequently, the plaintiff failed to prove the due execution of the will, Ext. P-2, as per the requirement of Section 69 of the Evidence Act.
In result, the plaintiff failed to show that deceased Ram Bux executed legal and valid will dated 25-9-1981 in his favour. In view of this finding I need not dilate on the argument of the learned counsel for the defendants that the will, Ext. P-2 was surrounded by suspicious circumstances.”
8. An appeal was preferred thereagainst.
9. The first appellate court, however, on the said issue held:
“Now so far as the will, Ext. P-2 is concerned, it was allegedly executed by Ram Bux Singh, son of Daya Ram on 25-9-1981 and was duly got registered in the office of the Sub-Registrar, Ropar, on the same date. It is evident that this will was attested by two witnesses, namely, Harnek Singh, son of Ram Parkash and Mohan Singh, Lambardar. So far as Mohan Singh, Lambardar is concerned, he had since died on 4-7-1983 vide death certificate, Ext. P-3 and for this reason he could not be brought in the witness box. However, Harnek Singh, son of Ram Parkash is alive but it is stated by Shri A.L Verma, counsel for the plaintiff as well as the plaintiff himself on 29-10-1999 that Harnek Singh, witness has joined hands with the opposite party and moreover, he has intentionally left for a foreign country. For this reason, Harnek Singh, son of Ram Parkash also could not be examined by him. Now the question arises whether the statement of the deed writer who also knew Ram Bux Singh can be relied upon or not and whether he can be treated as an attesting witness or not.”
10. The High Court by reason of the impugned judgment dismissed the second appeal preferred by the appellant herein opining that no substantial question of law arose for its consideration.
11. Mr Viraj Datar, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, submitted that in the facts and circumstances of this case, Section 69 of the Evidence Act cannot be said to have any application whatsoever and, thus, the High Court committed a serious error in passing the impugned judgment.
12. Indisputably, a will is to be attested by two witnesses in terms of Section 63(1)(c) of the Succession Act, 1925. Indisputably, the requirement of Section 68 of the Evidence Act, 1872 (the Act) is required to be complied with for proving a will. Section 63(1)(c) of the Succession Act mandates attestation by two witnesses. Thus, not only must the execution of will be proved, but actual execution must also be attested by at least two witnesses. Attestation of execution of will must be in conformity with the provisions of Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act.
13. “Attestation” and “execution” connote two different meanings. Some documents do not require attestation. Some documents are required by law to be attested.
14. In terms of Section 68 of the Act, although it is not necessary to call more than one attesting witness to prove due execution of a will but that would not mean that an attested document shall be proved by the evidence of one attesting witness only and two or more attesting witnesses need not be examined at all. Section 68 of the Act lays down the mode of proof. It envisages the necessity of more evidence than mere attestation, as the words “at least” have been used therein. When genuineness of a will is in question, apart from execution and attestation of will, it is also the duty of a person seeking declaration about the validity of the will to dispel the surrounding suspicious circumstances existing, if any. Thus, in addition to proving the execution of the will by examining the attesting witnesses, the propounder is also required to lead evidence to explain the surrounding suspicious circumstances, if any. Proof of execution of the will would, inter alia, depend thereupon.
15. The court, while granting probate of the will, must take into consideration all relevant factors. It must be found that the will was product of a free will. The testator must have full knowledge and understanding as regards the contents thereof. For the said purpose, the background facts may also be taken note of. Where, however, a plea of undue influence was taken, the onus therefor would be on the objector and not on the offender. (See Savithri v. Karthyayani Amma 2007 11 SCC 621.)
16. Section 69 of the Act reads, thus:
“69. Proof where no attesting witness found.—If no such attesting witness can be found, or if the document purports to have been executed in the United Kingdom, it must be proved that the attestation of one attesting witness at least is in his handwriting, and that the signature of the person executing the document is in the handwriting of that person.”
17. It would apply, inter alia, in a case where the attesting witness is either dead or out of the jurisdiction of the court or kept out of the way by the adverse party or cannot be traced despite diligent search. Only in that event, the will may be proved in the manner indicated in Section 69 i.e by examining witnesses who were able to prove the handwriting of the testator or executant. The burden of proof then may be shifted to others.
18. Whereas, however, a will ordinarily must be proved keeping in view the provisions of Section 63 of the Succession Act and Section 68 of the Act, in the event the ingredients thereof, as noticed hereinbefore, are brought on record, strict proof of execution and attestation stands relaxed. However, signature and handwriting, as contemplated in Section 69, must be proved.
19. Indisputably, one of the attesting witnesses was dead. Our attention, however, has been drawn to the fact that a purported summons was taken out against the said Harnek Singh. Admittedly, it was not served. There is nothing on record to show that any step was taken to compel his appearance as a witness. Ram Sahai in his deposition did not make any statement that said Harnek Singh had been won over by the appellant. He did not say that despite service of summons, Harnek Singh did not appear as a witness. In his cross-examination, he alleged that he and Harnek Singh were inimically disposed of towards each other even prior to 1991 and in fact “since the time of his ancestors”. It was furthermore alleged that they are not on speaking terms. A suggestion was given to him that in fact Harnek Singh had come to court on that day to which he denied his knowledge. It is only in answer to a question in cross-examination, he stated that he did not intend to examine said Harnek Singh.
20. Harnek Singh may be a person who had been won over by the appellant but there must be some evidence brought on record in that behalf. The learned trial Judge, in our opinion, rightly rejected the bare statement made by the learned counsel for the plaintiff that the other attesting witness had gone out of the country. The respondent himself did not say so on oath. He did not examine any other witness.
21. The respondent did not make any attempt to serve another summons upon him. No process was asked for to be served by the court. Interestingly, a statement was made by a counsel before the appellate court. That statement is said to have been made before the appellate court by the plaintiff himself on 29-10-1999. We are at a loss to understand how such a statement by a counsel or by the respondent himself was taken into consideration for the purpose of invoking Section 69 of the Evidence Act. A purported statement, not as a witness but through the counsel, cannot be said to be an evidence. We have noticed hereinbefore that the learned trial Judge did not accept such a statement. In that view of the matter, the first appellate court, in our opinion, committed a serious legal error.
22. In Hare Krishna Panigrahi v. Jogneswar Panda AIR 1939 Cal 688, B.K Mukherjea, J. referring to Section 71 stated the law thus: (AIR p. 689)
“This presupposes in my opinion that the witness is actually produced before the Court and then if he denies execution or his memory fails or if he refuses to prove or turns hostile, other evidence can be admitted to prove execution. In the case referred to above the witness was actually before the Court and afterwards turned hostile. In this case however, the witness was not before the Court at all and no question of denying or failing to recollect the execution of the document did at all arise. The plaintiff simply took out a summons as against this witness and nothing further was done later on. In a case like this where the attesting witnesses are not before the Court, Section 71, Evidence Act, has, in my opinion, got no application. In such cases it is the duty of the plaintiff to exhaust all the processes of the Court in order to compel the attendance of any one of the attesting witnesses and when the production of such witnesses is not possible either legally or physically, the plaintiff can avail himself of the provisions of Section 69, Evidence Act.”
23. In Amal Sankar Sen v. Dacca Coop. Housing Society Ltd. AIR 1945 Cal 350 it was held: (AIR p. 352)
“As we have already stated, that proposition of law cannot be challenged at this date. In order that Section 69, Evidence Act, may be applied, mere taking out of the summons or the service of summons upon an attesting witness or the mere taking out of warrant against him is not sufficient. It is only when the witness does not appear even after all the process under Order 16 Rule 10, which the Court considered to be fit and proper had been exhausted that the foundation will be laid for the application of Section 69, Evidence Act. The party, namely, the plaintiff, must move the Court for processes under Order 16 Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure when a witness summoned by him has failed to obey the summons but when the plaintiff does move the Court but the Court refuses the process asked for we do not see why Section 69, Evidence Act, cannot be invoked. The other view would place the plaintiff in an impossible position when the witness is an attesting witness to the document on which he has brought the suit, and the Court refuses coercive processes contemplated in Order 16 Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure.”
24. In Doraiswami v. Rathnammal AIR 1978 Mad 78 the same principle was reiterated, stating: (AIR p. 81, para 11)
“11. DW 2 merely identifies the signature of Palani Navithan found in Ext. B-1 as that of his father. The mere fact that the signature of Palani Navithan is proved, in our opinion, is not sufficient to prove the due execution of the will. The evidence of this witness is relied on for proving the signature of one of the attesting witnesses and thus enable the third defendant to adduce secondary evidence regarding the due execution of the will. The evidence of DW 2 will be relevant only for purposes of Section 69 of the Evidence Act. Section 69 will come into play only when no attesting witness can be found. In this case, as already stated, an attesting witness DW 4 has been examined and he has denied his attestation of the document. Therefore Section 69 can have no application. The evidence of DW 2, therefore, even if accepted, will not help the third defendant.”
25. We may notice that in Apoline D' Souza v. John D' Souza. 2007 7 SCC 225 this Court held that the question as to whether due attestation has been established or not will depend on the fact situation obtaining in each case. Therein, it was held: (SCC p. 230, para 13)
“13. Section 68 of the Evidence Act, 1872 provides for the mode and manner in which execution of the will is to be proved. Proof of attestation of the will is a mandatory requirement. Attestation is sought to be proved by PW 2 only. Both the daughters of the testatrix were nuns. No property, therefore, could be bequeathed in their favour. In fact one of them had expired long back. Relation of the testatrix with the respondent admittedly was very cordial. The appellant before us has not been able to prove that she had been staying with the testatrix since 1986 and only on that account she was made a beneficiary thereof. The will was full of suspicious circumstances. PW 2 categorically stated that the will was drafted before her coming to the residence of the testatrix and she had only proved her signature as a witness to the execution of the will but the document was a handwritten one. The original will is typed in Kannada, although the blanks were filled up with English letters. There is no evidence to show that the contents of the will were read over and explained to the testatrix. PW 2 was not known to her. Why was she called and who called her to attest the will is shrouded in mystery. Her evidence is not at all satisfactory in regard to the proper frame of mind of the testatrix. There were several cuttings and overwritings also in the will.”
In the aforementioned situation, the will was said to have not been proved.
26. This Court therein noticed, inter alia, the decision of B. Venkatamuni v. C.J Ayodhya Ram Singh 2006 13 SCC 449 wherein the law has been laid down in the following terms: (SCC pp. 459-60, para 24)
“24. The Division Bench of the High Court was, with respect, thus, entirely wrong in proceeding on the premise that compliance with legal formalities as regards proof of the will would subserve the purpose and the suspicious circumstances surrounding the execution thereof is not of much significance.”
27. We generally agree with the aforementioned view of the Calcutta High Court. Assuming, however, that even taking the course of Order 16 of the Code of Civil Procedure might not be necessary, what was imperative was a statement on oath made by the plaintiff. A deposition of the plaintiff is (sic is as) a witness before the court and not the statement through a counsel across the Bar. Such a statement across the Bar cannot be a substitute for evidence warranting invocation of Section 69 of the Evidence Act.
28. For the reasons aforementioned, the impugned judgment of the High Court as also the first court of appeal cannot be sustained. They are set aside accordingly. Appeal is allowed with no order as to costs.
